【定语从句that与which区别】在英语语法中,定语从句是用于修饰名词或代词的从句,而“that”和“which”是两个常见的关系代词。它们在某些情况下可以互换使用,但在其他情况下却有明显的区别。正确理解“that”和“which”的用法,有助于提高英语写作和表达的准确性。
一、基本概念
- 定语从句:用来修饰主句中的某个名词或代词,通常由关系代词(如 that, which, who, whom, whose)引导。
- that:既可以指人也可以指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。
- which:仅指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。
二、主要区别总结
对比项 | that | which |
适用对象 | 指人或指物 | 仅指物 |
是否可省略 | 在从句中作宾语时,可省略 | 在从句中作宾语时,不可省略 |
是否用于非限制性定语从句 | 不用于非限制性定语从句 | 可用于非限制性定语从句 |
语气是否正式 | 较口语化 | 更正式、书面化 |
是否可引导强调句 | 可以 | 不可以 |
三、详细说明
1. 指代对象不同
- “that”可以指人也可以指物,例如:
- The book that I bought is interesting.(指物)
- The man that is standing there is my teacher.(指人)
- “which”只能指物,例如:
- The car which is red is mine.
2. 是否可省略
- 当“that”在从句中作宾语时,可以省略,例如:
- The girl (that) I saw is my sister.
- 而“which”在从句中作宾语时,不能省略,例如:
- The house which is old needs renovation.
3. 非限制性定语从句
- 非限制性定语从句对主句起补充说明作用,通常用“which”引导,例如:
- My brother, who lives in Beijing, is a doctor.
- “that”不能用于非限制性定语从句中。
4. 语气与正式程度
- “that”更常用于日常口语和非正式写作中。
- “which”则更常见于正式或书面语中,尤其在科技、学术等文体中。
5. 强调句
- “that”可以用于强调句结构,例如:
- It was the letter that I received yesterday.
- “which”不能用于强调句。
四、实际应用示例
句子 | 关系代词 | 分析 |
The movie that we watched last night was amazing. | that | 指物,作宾语,可省略 |
The movie which we watched last night was amazing. | which | 指物,作宾语,不可省略 |
The student that won the prize is my friend. | that | 指人,作主语 |
The student who won the prize is my friend. | who | 指人,作主语 |
The car which I bought is very fast. | which | 指物,作宾语,不可省略 |
五、小结
“that”和“which”虽然都可以引导定语从句,并且在某些情况下可以互换,但它们在指代对象、是否可省略、是否用于非限制性从句等方面存在明显差异。掌握这些区别,有助于在实际写作和口语中准确运用这两个关系代词,提升语言表达的清晰度和专业性。